英語學(xué)習(xí)的過程主要分為單詞的積累和語法，單詞的積累在這里就不贅述了，那樣英語語法的學(xué)習(xí)包含了單詞詞性、時(shí)態(tài)和從句。本文主要推薦的是語法中時(shí)態(tài)部分的內(nèi)容。
1、虛擬語氣
虛擬語氣表示說話人的主觀愿望、猜疑、建議或與事實(shí)不符的假設(shè)等，而不表示客觀存在的事實(shí)。虛擬語氣是由句中的謂語動(dòng)詞的特殊形式表示出來的。
虛擬語氣主要分為與目前事實(shí)相反，與過去事實(shí)相反與與以后事實(shí)相反三個(gè)類型。讓大家一一來看下它們的結(jié)構(gòu)和使用方法吧!
1、表示與目前事實(shí)相反的狀況
從句：If+主語+動(dòng)詞一般過去時(shí)
主句：主語+ should/would/might/could+do：
If I were you，I would take an umbrella.
假如我是你，我會(huì)帶把傘。
If I knew his telephone number，I would tell you.
假如我了解他的電話號(hào)碼，我就會(huì)對你說。
If there were no air or water，there would be no living things on the earth.
假如沒水和空氣，地球上就不會(huì)有生物。
If I had any money with me，I could lend you some.
假如我?guī)уX了，我就會(huì)借給你些。
If he studied harder，he might pass the exam.
假如他再努力些，就能通過考試了。
If I were you， I'd wear a shirt and tie.
假如我是你，我就會(huì)穿襯衣和領(lǐng)帶。
2、表示與過去事實(shí)相反的狀況
從句：If+主語+had+done
主句：主語+should/would/might/could+have done
eg：If I had got there earlier，I should/would have met her.
假如我早到那兒，我就會(huì)見到她。
If he had taken my advice，he would not have made such a mistake.
假如他聽我的勸告的話，就不會(huì)犯如此的錯(cuò)誤了。
3、表示與以后事實(shí)相反
從句：①if+主語+were to do
②if+主語+should+do
③if+主語+動(dòng)詞一般過去式
主句：主語+should/would/might/could+do
eg：If he should come here tomorrow，I would talk to him.
假如他明天來這兒的話，我就跟他談?wù)劇?/p>
If there were a heavy snow next Sunday，we would go skating.
假如下周日下大雪，大家就去滑冰。
If she were to be here next Monday，I would tell her about the matter.
假如她下周一來這兒的話，我就會(huì)告訴她這件事的始末。
除去以上三種主要狀況，虛擬語氣還有以下幾種結(jié)構(gòu)和使用方法哦。
1、 當(dāng)從句的謂語動(dòng)詞含有were，should，had時(shí)，if可以省略，這個(gè)時(shí)候從句要用倒裝語序，即把were，should，had等詞置于句首，這種多用于書面語。
eg：Should he agree to go there，we would send him there.
如果他答應(yīng)去的話，大家就派他去了。
Were she here，she would agree with us.
假如她在這兒的話，她會(huì)贊同大家的。
Had he learnt about computers，we would have hired him to work here.
假如他懂一些電腦常識(shí)的話，大家已經(jīng)聘用他來這里工作了。
2、非真實(shí)條件句中的條件從句有時(shí)不表達(dá)出來，只暗含在副詞、介詞短語、上下文或其他方法表示出來，這種句子叫做含蓄條件句，在多數(shù)狀況下，條件會(huì)暗含在短語中，如without…，but for…等
eg：
But for his help，we would be working now.
要不是他的幫忙，大家還會(huì)在工作呢。
Without your instruction，I would not have made such great progress.
如果沒你的指導(dǎo)，我不會(huì)獲得這樣大的進(jìn)步。
We didn't know his telephone number，otherwise we would have telephoned him.
大家不了解他的電話號(hào)碼，不然大家就會(huì)給他打電話。
3、 有時(shí)，虛擬條件語氣的從句中，主、從句可以省略其中的一個(gè)，來表示說話人的一種強(qiáng)烈的感情。
①省略從句
He would have finished it.
他本該完成了。
You could have passed this exam.
你本能通過這次考試的。
②省略主句
If I were at home now.
如果我目前在家該多好啊。
If only I had got it.
我如果得到它了該多好啊。
4.注意，在虛擬語氣的從句中，動(dòng)詞be的過去時(shí)態(tài)一律用were，不需要was。
If I were you，I would go to look for him.
假如我是你，就會(huì)去找他。
2、倒裝句
在英語中，主語和謂語是句子的核心，它們之間有兩種語序：一是主語在謂語之前稱為自然語序;二是主語在謂語之后則稱為倒裝語序。而倒裝語序中又有完全倒裝和部分倒裝
1.完全倒裝：又稱"全部倒裝",是指將句子中的謂語全部置于主語之前。此結(jié)構(gòu)一般只用于一般目前時(shí)和一般過去時(shí)。
①謂語+主語+……
There be+主語
例子：
There was a drop in the temperature.
溫度降低了。
There are birds singing in the tree.
鳥兒在樹上唱歌。
②副詞+謂語動(dòng)詞+名詞主語+……
例子：
Out rushed a young lady.
一個(gè)年輕的女性沖了出來。
③過去分詞或目前分詞+be動(dòng)詞的各種形式+主語+……
例子：
Scattered on the floor were several books and magazines.
幾本書和雜志散落在地板上。
2.部分倒裝：指將謂語的一部分如助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞倒裝至主語之前,而謂語動(dòng)詞無變化。假如句中的謂語沒助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞，則需添加助動(dòng)詞do,does或did，并將它置于主語之前。
比如：
Nor did he let the disease sTOP him from living the kind of life he has always dreamt about.
疾病沒使他舍棄過上夢想中的生活。
部分倒裝也有以下幾種容易見到種類：
1. 以否定詞開頭的句子需要部分倒裝。注意下列句子中助動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提前、甚至補(bǔ)充助動(dòng)詞的使用方法：
例：
Not until yesterday did little John change his mind.
小約翰直到昨天才改變了主意。
2.以否定副詞開頭并加狀語放在句首的句子需要部分倒裝。這類否定副詞有barely, hardly, little, seldom, scarcely…… when, never, no sooner…… than, rarely, no more, not nearly, not only等與only。
例：
only in the country can you learn the “true English”.
只有處在本國，你才能學(xué)到“真的的英語。”
3.介詞+no+名詞的結(jié)構(gòu)中需要用部分倒裝，這類結(jié)構(gòu)包含at no time; by no means; by no manner of means; for no reason; in no case; in/under no circumstances; in no sense; in no way; on no account; on no consideration; at no point
例：
Under no circumstances should you lend Paul any money.
無論怎么樣，你都要把錢借給保羅。
4. 由as引導(dǎo)的部分倒裝句：
a) 當(dāng)as作為比較意義時(shí)，即用于as + adj./ adv. + as結(jié)構(gòu)中時(shí)，假如把第一個(gè)as省略掉，就形成部分倒裝句。
例：
Cautious as the rest of her family , she didn't seem willing to give an immediate reply to my question.
正如她家人一樣小心小心，她好像不想立即回答我的問題。
She charged the stairs, quick as a rabbit .
她跑上樓去，跑得象兔子那樣快!
b) 當(dāng) as引導(dǎo)讓步狀語時(shí)，和although, though一樣，當(dāng)用作“盡管”之義時(shí)，可以用于部分倒裝句。
Hard as he worked, he did not pass the exam.
雖然他非常用功，但他還是沒及格。
c) 表示緣由時(shí)，為了強(qiáng)調(diào)起見，也可以倒裝。
例：
Tired as he was, we decided not to disturb him.
由于他太累了，大家決定不打擾他。
d) 等于so時(shí)，意義是“也，也是”
例：
She worked hard, so/ as did her husband.
她工作非常努力，她的老公工作也非常努力。
3、獨(dú)立主格
獨(dú)立主格，第一它是一個(gè)“格”，而不是一個(gè)“句子”，在英語中任何一個(gè)句子都要有主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，而在這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)中，沒真的的主語和謂語動(dòng)詞，但又在邏輯上構(gòu)成主謂或主表關(guān)系。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)不是主謂完整的簡單句，而只不過一個(gè)短語。
其公式為：名詞/名詞短語/代詞+不定式/ing分詞/ed分詞/形容詞/副詞/介詞短語。名詞前也可以加with。
獨(dú)立主格結(jié)構(gòu)主要用于描繪性文字中，其用途等于一個(gè)狀語從句，常用來表示時(shí)間、緣由、條件、行為方法或隨著狀況等。比如：
1) 表示時(shí)間
The meeting being over, all of us went home.
開完會(huì)后大家都回家了。
the meeting being over等于when the meeting was over
Her work done, she sat down for a cup of tea.
她干完了活，坐下來喝茶。
her work done等于when her work was done
2) 表示條件
The condition being favorable, he may succeed.
若條件有利，他可能能成功。
the condition being favorable等于If the condition is favorable
3) 表示緣由
There being no taxis, we had to walk.
沒出租車，大家只好步行。
There being no taxis等于Since there was no taxis,
He wrapped her up with great care, the night being dark and frosty.
夜又黑又冷，所以他把她裹得嚴(yán)嚴(yán)實(shí)實(shí)的。
the night being dark and frosty等于as the night was dark and frosty
4) 表示隨著狀況
Almost all metals are good conductors, silver being the best of all.
幾乎所有些金屬都是良導(dǎo)體，而銀則是最好的導(dǎo)體。
5) 表示補(bǔ)充說明
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two.
大家加倍努力，一個(gè)人干兩個(gè)人的活。
獨(dú)立主格有以下容易見到的七個(gè)種類：
種類1：名詞+目前分詞
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting.
明天假設(shè)天氣好，大家就進(jìn)行比賽。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off.
班長病了，大家最好還是延期開會(huì)吧。
種類2：名詞+過去分詞
The job finished, we went home.
工作結(jié)束后大家就回家了。
The last bus gone, we had to walk home.
最后一班公車已經(jīng)走了，大家需要走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better.
假如給大家更多的時(shí)間，大家會(huì)把工作做得更好。
種類3：名詞+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week.
假如明天無人來，大家將把會(huì)議推遲到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有這樣多的人來幫助他，他必然會(huì)成功的。
種類4：名詞+介詞短語
The soldiers dashed in, rifle in hand.
士兵們端著槍沖了進(jìn)去。
A girl came in, book in hand.
一個(gè)少女進(jìn)去了，手里拿著書。
He was waiting, his eyes on her back.
他在等著，雙眼看著她的背影。
種類5：名詞+形容詞或副詞
He sat in the front row, his mouth half open.
他坐在前排，嘴半開著。
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter.
她坐在桌前，衣領(lǐng)已解掉，頭低了下來，拿好鋼筆，籌備開始寫一封長信。
種類6：There being +名詞
There being nothing else to do, we went home.
沒別的事可做，大家就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed.
沒再要討論的事了，我宣布散會(huì)。
種類7：It being +名詞
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed.
因?yàn)槭フQ的原故，政府機(jī)關(guān)都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut.
因?yàn)榻裉焓羌偃眨猩痰甓缄P(guān)門了。