A 形式
to have+過(guò)去分詞:
to have worked
to have spoken
B 與助動(dòng)詞連用
1與 was/were連用表示沒(méi)有完成的計(jì)劃或安排(參見(jiàn)第114節(jié)):
The house was to have been ready today.
這座房屋本應(yīng)該今天竣工。(但目前還沒(méi))
2與 should, would, might和 could一塊構(gòu)成條件完成時(shí)(參見(jiàn)第223節(jié)):
If I had seen her I should have invited her.
我當(dāng)時(shí)如果看到她的話我本會(huì)邀請(qǐng)她的。
3與should或ought連用表示沒(méi)履行的義務(wù),或用于否定式表示錯(cuò)誤的或愚蠢的行為(參見(jiàn)第143節(jié)):
He should have helped her.
他本應(yīng)該幫助她。(但他沒(méi)如此做)
I shouldnt/oughtnt to have lied to him.
我本不應(yīng)該對(duì)他撒謊話。(但我說(shuō)了)
4與 should/would like連用表示未達(dá)成的愿望(參見(jiàn)第 296節(jié)D):
He would like to have seen it.
他本想看看它。(但沒(méi)能看到)
這句也可寫成:
He would have liked to see it.
即可以把句子中兩個(gè)動(dòng)詞的任一個(gè)變成不定式的完成式,而不改變句子的意思。
5 與could連用,表示過(guò)去沒(méi)借助的能力或過(guò)去的可能性:
I could have made a lot of money.
我本來(lái)可以賺到很多錢。(但我沒(méi)能賺到。)
He could/might have phoned her.
他可能給她打過(guò)電話。(或許他打過(guò)電話。)
(另參見(jiàn)第134節(jié)與第138節(jié)。)
6 與might/could連用表示說(shuō)話人對(duì)于未辦到某事感到不快或憤怒:
He might/could have told me!
他本應(yīng)告訴我!
I am annoyed1 that he didnt tell me.
他沒(méi)告訴我,我非常不開(kāi)心。(參見(jiàn)第285節(jié)D。)
7 與may/might連用,表示推想發(fā)生在過(guò)去的動(dòng)作:
He may/might have left.等于:
It is possible that he(has) left.
他可能已經(jīng)走了。(參見(jiàn)第133節(jié)。)
You might/could have been killed!
(那時(shí))你或許會(huì)送了命的!
8 與cant/couldnt連用表示否定的推論(參見(jiàn)第159節(jié)):
He cant/couldnt have moved the piano himself.
這臺(tái)鋼琴不可能是他一個(gè)人搬的。
We knew he couldnt have paid for it,because he had no money.
大家了解不可能是他付了這筆錢,由于他沒(méi)錢。
9 與must連用表示一定的推論(參見(jiàn)第156節(jié)):
He must have come this way; here are his footprints2.
他肯定是走這條路來(lái)的;這里還有他的腳印呢。
10 與neednt連用表示過(guò)去非必須的行為(另參見(jiàn)第152節(jié)與第153節(jié)):
You neednt have hurried. Now we are too early.
你本不必那樣著急。目前大家到得太早了。
You neednt have cooked it. We could have eaten it raw3.
你本來(lái)不必把它燒熟。大家本可以吃生的。
C 與某些別的動(dòng)詞連用
1 與appear,happen,pretend,seem連用
注意這里的不定式的一般式與完成式之間的差別:不定式的一般式:
He seems to be a great athlete.
他看來(lái)是一名出色的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。等于:
It seems that he is
大家的印象是他是
He seemed to be a great athlete.
那時(shí)他看著像一名出色的運(yùn)動(dòng)員。等于:
It seemed that he was
那時(shí)大家的印象是他是一名
不定式的完成式:
He seems to have been
他看來(lái)過(guò)去是等于:
It seems that he was
大家的印象是他過(guò)去是
He seemed to have been
那時(shí)看來(lái)他過(guò)去是等于:
It seemed that he had been
那時(shí)大家的印象是他過(guò)去是
這就是說(shuō),不定式的完成式表示的動(dòng)作是一個(gè)更早的動(dòng)作,它發(fā)生在主要?jiǎng)釉~所表示的動(dòng)作之前。
其他例子如:
I happened to have driven that kind of car before.等于:
It happened that I had driven that kind of car before.
碰巧我過(guò)去曾開(kāi)過(guò)那種汽車。
He pretended4 to have read the book.等于:
He pretended that he had read it.
他假裝過(guò)去讀過(guò)那本書。
2 與下列動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式連用: acknowledge5, believe, consider,find,know,report,say, suppose,think, understand:
He is understood to have left the country.
據(jù)悉他已經(jīng)離開(kāi)了這個(gè)國(guó)家。(參見(jiàn)第306節(jié)。)
3 不定式的完成式可與claim,expect,hope,promise連用,但不那樣容易見(jiàn)到:
He expects/hopes to have finished by June.等于:
He expects/hopes that he will have finished by June.
他預(yù)期/期望到 6月份能完成。