在英語(yǔ)四級(jí)備考的過程中，英語(yǔ)四級(jí)閱讀是對(duì)學(xué)生深度理解、剖析和應(yīng)用英文文本的考量，怎么樣高效閱讀英語(yǔ)文章，下面是我們給大伙推薦的“2024年6月大學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)長(zhǎng)篇閱讀復(fù)習(xí)資料（9）”，供考生閱讀訓(xùn)練。

2024年6月大學(xué)習(xí)英語(yǔ)四級(jí)長(zhǎng)篇閱讀復(fù)習(xí)資料（9）

Section B

Directions: In this section, you are going to read a passage with ten statements attached to it. Each statement contains information given in one of the paragraphs. Identify the paragraph from which the information is derived.

You may choose a paragraph more than once. Each paragraph is marked with a letter. Answer the questions by marking the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet 2.

How Your Language Affects Your Wealth and Health

A. Does the language we speak determine how healthy and rich we will be? New research by Keith Chen of Yale Business School suggests so. The structure of languages affects our judgments and decisions about the future and this might have dramatic long-term consequences.

B. There has been a lot of research into how we deal with the future. For example, the famous marshmallow studies of Walter Mischel and colleagues showed that being able to resist temptation is predictive of future success. Four-year-old kids were given a marshmallow and were told that if they do not eat that marshmallow and wait for the experimenter to come back, they will get two marshmallows instead of one. Follow-up studies showed that the kids who were able to wait for the bigger future reward became more successful young adults.

C. Resisting our impulses for immediate pleasure is often the only way to attain the outcomes that are important to us. We want to keep a slim figure but we also want that last slice of pizza. We want a comfortable retirement, but we also want to drive that dazzling car, go on that dream vacation, or get those gorgeous shoes.

Some people are better at delaying gratification than others. Those people have a better chance of accumulating wealth and keeping a healthy life style. They are less likely to be impulse buyers or smokers, or to engage in unsafe sex.

D. Chens recent findings suggest that an unlikely factor, language, strongly affects our future-oriented behavior. Some languages strongly distinguish the present and the future. Other languages only weakly distinguish the present and the future. Chens recent research suggests that people who speak languages that weakly distinguish the present and the future are better prepared for the future. They accumulate more wealth and they are better able to maintain their health. The way these people conceptualize the future is similar to the way they conceptualize the present. As a result, the future does not feel very distant and it is easier for them to act in accordance with their future interestS.

E. Different languages have different ways of talking about the future. Some languages, such as English, Korean, and Russian, require their speakers to refer to the future explicitly . Every time English-speakers tall about the future, they have to use future markers such as "will" or "going to." In other languages, such as Mandarin, Japanese, and German, future markers are not obligatory . The future is often talked about similar to the way present is talked about and the meaning is understood from the context. A Mandarin speaker who is going to go to a 百度競(jìng)價(jià)推廣inar might say "Wo qu ting jiangzuo," which translates to "I go listen 百度競(jìng)價(jià)推廣inar." Languages such as English constantly remind their speakers that future events are distant. For speakers of languages such as Mandarin future feels closer. As a consequence, resisting immediate impulses and investing for the future is easier for Mandarin speakers.

F.Chert analyzed individual-level data from 76 developed and developing countries. This data includes peoples economic decisions, such as whether they saved any money last year, the languages they speak at home, demographics , and cultural factors such as "saving is an important cultural value for me."

He also analyzed individual-level data on peoples retirement assets, smoking and exercising habits, and general health in older age. Lastly, he analyzed national-level data that inchides national savings rates, country GDP and GDP growth rates, country demographics, and proportions of people speaking different languages.

G. Peoples savings rates are affected by various factors such as their income, education level, age, religious connection, their countries legal systems, and their cultural values. After those factors were accounted for, the effect of language on peoples savings rates turned out to be big. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers, such as English, makes people 30 percent less likely to save money for the future. This effect is as large as the effect of unemployment. Being unemployed decreases the likelihood of saving by about 30 percent as well.

H. Similar analyses showed that speaking a language that does not have obligatory future markers, such as Mandarin, makes people accumulate more retirement assets, smoke less, exercise more, and generally be healthier in older age. Countries national savings rates are also affected by language. Having a larger proportion of people speaking languages that does not have obligatory future markers makes national savings rates higher.

I.At a more practical level, researchers have been looking for ways to help people act in accordance with their long-term interests. Recent, findings suggest that making the future feel closer to the present might improve future-oriented behavior. For instance, researchers recently presented people with renderings of their future selves made using age-progression algorithms that forecast how physical appearances would change over time. One group of participants saw a digital representation of their current selves in a virtual mirror, and the other group saw an age-morphed version of their future selves. Those participants who saw the age- morphed version of their future selves allocated more money toward a hypothetical savings account. The intervention brought peoples future to the present and as a result they saved more for the future.

J.Chens research shows that language structures our future-related thoughts. Language has been used before to alter time perception with surprising effects. Ellen Langer and colleagues famously improved older peoples physical health by simple interventions including asking them to talk about the events of twenty years ago as if it they were happening now. Talking about the past as if it were the present changed peoples mindsets and their mindsets affected their physical states. Chens research points at the possibility that the way we talk about the future can shape our mindsets. Language can move the future back and forth in our mental space and this might have dramatic influences on our judgments and decisions.

46. Usually, preventing ourselves from enjoying immediate pleasure impulsively is the only way to achieve the outcomes that are important to us.

47. The structure of languages influences us when we are making a judgment or decision about the future.

48. Speaking a language that has obligatory future markers and being unemployed nearly share the same percentage of decreasing the likelihood of saving.

49. According to the well-known marshmallow studies, people who can resist temptation tend to be successful in the future.

50. People who speak languages like English are more likely to feel that the future events are distant.

51. National savings rates of countries are influenced by language as well.

52. In Chens recent research, people who speak languages in which the present and the future are weakly distinguished are more prepared for the future.

53. Recent findings show that it is possible to improve future-oriented behavior through making the future feel closer to the present.

54. Through simple interventions, Ellen Langer and colleagues made the physical health of the older people changed for the better.

55. Chen made an analysis of individual-level statistics from 76 developed and developing nations.

語(yǔ)言怎么樣影響你的財(cái)富與健康

A.大家所說的語(yǔ)言會(huì)不會(huì)決定大家將來的健康和財(cái)富?耶魯商學(xué)院Keith Chen所做的一項(xiàng)新研究表明事實(shí)正是這樣。[47]語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)干擾大家對(duì)將來的判斷和決定，而這或許會(huì)產(chǎn)生極其長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的影響。

B)關(guān)于大家怎么樣應(yīng)付將來的研究有不少。[49]比如，由 Walter Mischel一和他的同事們一塊進(jìn)行的著名的“棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)”表明：可以抵御魅惑預(yù)示著將來的成功。實(shí)驗(yàn)中，實(shí)驗(yàn)員給一些4歲的孩子每個(gè)人一塊棉花糖，并告訴他們，假如等到實(shí)驗(yàn)員回來他們還沒吃掉棉花糖的話，他們就能得到兩塊棉花糖而不是一塊。后續(xù)研究顯示，那些可以為更大的遠(yuǎn)期回報(bào)而等待的孩子在成年后更為成功。

C.[46]大家要想獲得一些對(duì)自己來講尤為重要的成就，抵制住眼前的一時(shí)痛快總是是唯一的方法。大家想要維持好身材，卻又想要最后那塊比薩。大家想要舒舒服服地退休，卻也想開豪車，完成夢(mèng)寐以求的旅游或者買華麗的鞋子。一些人在推遲滿足感上比別的人做得好。他們更大概積累財(cái)富并維持一種健康的生活方法。他們不大可能成為沖動(dòng)購(gòu)物者或抽煙者，也不大或許會(huì)發(fā)生危險(xiǎn)的性行為。

D.Chen近期的研究結(jié)果表明，語(yǔ)言這一看上去不太可能的原因，對(duì)大家將來的行為有著巨大的影響。在一些語(yǔ)言中非常明顯區(qū)域分了目前和以后，而在其他語(yǔ)言中，這種差別很模糊。[52]Chen近期的研究表明：用不太區(qū)別目前和以后的語(yǔ)言的人對(duì)將來籌備更充分。他們會(huì)積累更多的財(cái)富，也更能維持自己健康。這類人構(gòu)想將來的方法和他們構(gòu)思目前的方法類似。因此，他們感覺將來并不遙遠(yuǎn)，而且對(duì)于他們來講，采取與其將來利益相符的行為方法也更為容易。

E.當(dāng)談?wù)撘院髸r(shí)，不一樣的語(yǔ)言有不一樣的表達(dá)方法。一些像英語(yǔ)、韓語(yǔ)及俄語(yǔ)之類的語(yǔ)言需要他們的用法者了解明確地指出以后。講英語(yǔ)的人每次談到以后時(shí)需要用相應(yīng)的標(biāo)志性詞語(yǔ)，比如“將”或“計(jì)劃”。而其他的一些語(yǔ)言，像中國(guó)的中文、日語(yǔ)和德語(yǔ)則不肯定非要那樣。大家談?wù)搶砗驼務(wù)撃壳暗姆椒ㄏ嗨疲ㄟ^語(yǔ)境才能理解意思。一個(gè)說中文的人假如計(jì)劃去聽講壇，或許會(huì)說“我去聽講壇”，譯成英語(yǔ)就是“I go listen 百度競(jìng)價(jià)推廣inar”。[50]諸如英語(yǔ)如此的語(yǔ)言會(huì)不斷提醒其用戶將來是非常遙遠(yuǎn)的。而對(duì)于說中文之類語(yǔ)言的人來講，將來則看上去非常近。因此，講中文的人更容易抵抗一時(shí)沖動(dòng)，也更會(huì)為未拳投資。

F.[55]Chen剖析了來自76個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和進(jìn)步中國(guó)家的個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)。這類數(shù)據(jù)包含大家的經(jīng)濟(jì)決策、在家里所用的語(yǔ)言、人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)與一些文化原因，如“儲(chǔ)蓄對(duì)于我來講是一種尤為重要的文化價(jià)值觀”。他還剖析了關(guān)于大家的退休資產(chǎn)、抽煙和運(yùn)動(dòng)習(xí)慣與老年人的總體健康情況等個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)。最后，他剖析了國(guó)家層面的數(shù)據(jù)，包含國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率、國(guó)內(nèi)生產(chǎn)總值及其增長(zhǎng)率、國(guó)家人口統(tǒng)計(jì)數(shù)據(jù)與用不同語(yǔ)言的人所占的比率。

G.諸如收入、教育水平、年齡、宗教信仰、所在國(guó)的法律體系及文化價(jià)值觀等各種原因都影響著大家的儲(chǔ)蓄率。排除去這類原因，語(yǔ)言對(duì)大家儲(chǔ)蓄率的巨大影響就突顯了出來。[48]用像英語(yǔ)這種需要明確表明“將來”的語(yǔ)言使得大家為來儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性減少了三成。該影響和失業(yè)的影響差不多大。因?yàn)槭I(yè)，儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性也降了大約三成。

H.類似的剖析顯示，用不肯定需要標(biāo)明“將來”的語(yǔ)言，譬如中文，可以叫人們積累更多的退休資產(chǎn)，少抽煙，多訓(xùn)練，并且在老年時(shí)大體上更健康。[51]語(yǔ)言同樣也影響著一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率。假如一個(gè)國(guó)家的大多數(shù)人用的語(yǔ)言不需要需要表明“將來”，這個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)家儲(chǔ)蓄率總是會(huì)更高。

I.從更實(shí)質(zhì)的角度來看，研究者們一直在探尋辦法幫助大家采取與其長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)將來的利益相符的行為方法。[53]最近的研究表明，一讓將來看上去離目前更近或許可以改變大家針對(duì)將來的行為表現(xiàn)。比如，研究者近期就用年齡預(yù)見算法預(yù)測(cè)出大家容顏的變化，然后將受訪者將來的樣子呈現(xiàn)給他們。一組參與者在虛擬鏡像里看見了目前自我的數(shù)字影像，另一組人看見了將來的自己容顏隨年齡變化的影像那些看到自己年老模樣的參與者將更多的錢撥到一個(gè)虛擬的儲(chǔ)蓄賬戶中。這種干涉辦法將大家的將來帶到了當(dāng)下，于是他們會(huì)為將來存更多的錢。

J.Chen的研究表明，正是語(yǔ)言形成了大家關(guān)于將來的想法。之前語(yǔ)言曾被用來改變大家對(duì)時(shí)間的怎么看，并且成效驚人。[54]Enen Langer和她的同事們通過簡(jiǎn)單的干涉很大地改變了老年人的身體健康：這類干涉方法包含讓他們談?wù)?0年前的事情，就像那些事情目前正在發(fā)生一樣。用目前時(shí)談?wù)撨^去的事情改變了人的心態(tài)，而心態(tài)影響著人的身體情況。Chen的研究指出了大家談?wù)搶淼姆椒ɑ蛟S會(huì)影響大家的心態(tài)的可能性。語(yǔ)言可以讓將來在大家的心理空間中來回穿梭，而這大概對(duì)大家的判斷和決策產(chǎn)生很大的影響。

46.C

分析：題干意為，讓自己不要沖動(dòng)地貪圖一時(shí)之樂一般是獲得那些對(duì)大家來講尤為重要的成就的唯一方法。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息enjoying immediate pleasure、the only way和outcomes that are important to us。文中論及克制沖動(dòng)、推遲滿足感的內(nèi)容出目前C段，該段首句提到，大家要想獲得一些 對(duì)自己來講尤為重要的成就，抵制住眼前的一時(shí)痛快總是是唯一的方法。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為C。

47.A

分析：題干意為，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)在大家做出一個(gè)關(guān)乎將來的判斷或決定時(shí)對(duì)大家產(chǎn)生影響。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息the structure of languages、judgement or decision和the furore。文中A段即提出本文論題：語(yǔ)言會(huì)不會(huì)決定大家將來的健康和財(cái)富?該段下面的內(nèi)容則對(duì)此論題給予了一定陳述，該段末句提到，語(yǔ)言結(jié)構(gòu)會(huì)干擾大家對(duì)將來的判斷和決定，而這或許會(huì)產(chǎn)生極其長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)的影響。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為A。

48.G

分析：題干意為，用需要明確表明將來的語(yǔ)言和失業(yè)在減少大家為以后儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性方面有哪些用途近乎相同。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息a language that has obligatory future markers、being unemployed和 decreasing the likelihood of saving。文中論述語(yǔ)言和失業(yè)與個(gè)人儲(chǔ)蓄率之間關(guān)系的內(nèi)容出目前G段，該段第三句和第四句提到.用像英語(yǔ)這種需要明確表明“將來”的語(yǔ)言使得大家為將來儲(chǔ)蓄的可能性減少了三成，如此一種影響跟失業(yè)的影響差不多。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為G。

49.B

分析：題干意為，依據(jù)著名的棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)，可以抵御魅惑的人趨向于在將來獲得成功。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息marshmallow studies、resist temptation和to be successful in the future。文章的8段描述了著名的棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)，該段第二句提到，由WalterMischel和他的同事們一塊進(jìn)行的著名的“棉花糖實(shí)驗(yàn)”表明：可以抵御魅惑預(yù)示著將來的成功。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為B。

50.E

分析：題干意為，用英語(yǔ)之類的語(yǔ)言的人比較容易覺得將來的事情非常遙遠(yuǎn)。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息languageslikeEnglish和thefuture events are distant。文中涉及英語(yǔ)等不同語(yǔ)種對(duì)人感知將來遠(yuǎn)近產(chǎn)生影響的內(nèi)容出目前E段，該段倒數(shù)第三句提到，諸如英語(yǔ)如此的語(yǔ)言會(huì)不斷地提醒其用戶將來是非常遙遠(yuǎn)的。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為E。

51.H

分析：題干意為，每個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率也遭到語(yǔ)言的影響。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息national savings ratesofcountries和influencedbylanguage。文中第H段論述了語(yǔ)言對(duì)國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率的影響，該段第二句提到，語(yǔ)言同樣也影響著一個(gè)國(guó)家的國(guó)民儲(chǔ)蓄率。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為H。

52.D

分析：題干意為，在Chen近期的研究中，那些用不明顯區(qū)別目前和將來的語(yǔ)言的人可以更好地為以后做好籌備。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息Chen’s recent research、weakly distinguished和more prepared forthefuture。文章D段介紹了Chert的最新研究成就，該段第四句提到，用不太區(qū)別目前和將來的語(yǔ)言的人對(duì)將來籌備得更充分。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為D。

53.I

分析：題干意為，近期的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，通過讓將來看上去離目前更近或許可以改變大家針對(duì)將來的表現(xiàn)。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息recent findings、improve future—oriented behavior和feel closer。文章的l段論述了科學(xué)家們?cè)噲D探尋辦法，使大家更多地考慮長(zhǎng)遠(yuǎn)利益。該段第二句提到，最近的研究發(fā)現(xiàn)，讓將來看上去離目前更近或許可以改變大家針對(duì)將來的行為表現(xiàn)。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為I。

54.J

分析：題干意為，通過簡(jiǎn)單的干涉，EllenLanger和同事們讓老年人的身體健康情況得到改變。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息simple interventions、Ellen Langer and colleagues和physical health。涉及通過簡(jiǎn)單干涉改變老人身體健康的內(nèi)容出目前J段，該段第三句提到，EllenLanger和她的同事們通過簡(jiǎn)單的干涉很大地改變了老年人的身體健康。這類干涉方法包含讓他們談?wù)?0年前的事情，就像那些事情目前正在發(fā)生一樣。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為J。

55.F

分析：題干意為，Chen對(duì)來自76個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和進(jìn)步中國(guó)家的個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)進(jìn)行了剖析。注意抓住題干中的重點(diǎn)信息analysis of individual—level statistics和76 developed and developing nations。文中涉及Chen所剖析的數(shù)據(jù)的內(nèi)容出目前F段，該段首句提到，Chen剖析了來自76個(gè)發(fā)達(dá)國(guó)家和進(jìn)步中國(guó)家的個(gè)人層面的數(shù)據(jù)。這樣來看，題干是對(duì)原文的同義轉(zhuǎn)述，故答案為F。

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